Environmental factors are known to influence carcinogenesis. Procarcinogens, such as heterocyclic amines (HAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are examples of these environmental factors. Procarcinogens are chemically inert and require bioactivation, via enzymes such as Cytochrome P450 (CYP). CYP1A1 isoform, regulated by Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), plays a significant role in the bioactivation of PAHs and HAs. AhR has multiple co-activators and co-repressors, of which SMRT (silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors) has been identified as a major co-repressor for AhR. In the present study we examined the effect of SMRT over expression on the Cyp1a1 mRNA levels in murine hepatoma Hepa 1c1c7 cell line. Hepa 1c1c7 cells were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), and competent cells were successfully produced using calcium chloride method. Cells were transformed using plasmid DNA and Lipofectamine. TCDD was employed as an inducing agent for CYP1A1. Total cellular RNA was isolated and real-time PCR of Cyp1a1 was conducted. Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Student–Newman–Keul’s test. Our results showed that, cells transfected with the co-repressor SMRT has lower TCDD-mediated induction of Cyp1a1 mRNA without affecting constitutive Cyp1a1 mRNA levels, i.e., SMRT was able to significantly decrease inducible Cyp1a1 mRNA levels in Hepa 1c1c7 cells. Moreover, our work demonstrated that calcium chloride is a convenient method for routine transformation. Our work will open new avenues for treatment of carcinogenesis involving CYP1A1 inducing carcinogens.

Purpose: This study was conducted to determine the impact of supervisory behaviour on organisational commitment in Libyan Government Institutions through the mediation role of organisational justice. The population of the study is managers and employees in the capital of Tripoli and the western part of Libya. The sample size was 302, selected randomly. This study used oriented supervisory behaviour, supportive supervisory behaviour, participatory supervisory behaviour, and supervision behaviour directed at achievement as independent variables. The mediating variable is organisational justice, and the dependent variable is organisational commitment.

Results: The result confirmed a significant impact of the independent variables on organisational commitment. For the mediation effect, organisational justice mediates the relationship between supervisory behaviour, participatory supervisory behaviour, supervisory behaviour, and organisational commitment. In contrast, no significant mediation was found between supervision behaviour directed at achievement and organisational commitment.

Background: Medical students have been shown through multiple studies to be more susceptible to stress and depression than the rest of the population. Libyan students specifically have to undergo the challenges of becoming a doctor while living in the terrifying and stressful outcomes of the Libyan civil war. And the spread of COVID-19 has added to these stressors.

Objective: This study aimed to determine prevalence of depression and anxiety among Libyan medical students and analyze the causing factors.

Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted using an online survey. The survey used the K-10 Kessler psychological distress scale which is a self administered questionnaire used to measure the level of distress. 

Results: A total of 1348 students from 16 Libyan medical schools across the 5 years of study completed the survey. 992 (73.6%) were female students and 356 (26.4%) were male. The mean age (SD) was 22.09 (2.56).

Out of the 1348 participants, 638 (47.3%) scored for severe mental disorder. 213 (15.8%) scored for moderate mental disorder and 200 (14.8%) presented with mild mental disorder. 297 (22%) of the students are likely to be well according to the K-10 psychological distress scale. Out of the students who have had their houses displaced due to the war, 66.3% have presented with moderate to severe mental disorder.

 235 students (17.4%) have reported having suicidal thoughts throughout their time in medical school.

Conclusion: In comparison to similar studies done in other countries, Libyan students scored a higher prevalence of depression. The stress of the current political state of the country and the COVID-19 pandemic were shown to be contributing factors.

Background:Coffee and Tea are very popular beverages in Libyan society. They contain many bioactive substances such as polyphenols and catchiness that could have some effects for instance; antioxidant activity. The way of preparation of tea and coffee drinks are different among society. For example, in Libya tea drink is prepared by boiling the crude of fresh tea for 10 min. Therefore, the method of extraction could influence the type and quality of extracted substances. Aims: The goal of the current study was to examine the neuroprotective properties of coffee and tea beverages made by using traditional Libyan techniqueson Parkinson's disease like symptoms induced by haloperidol.Methods: Different tea and coffee beverages (treatment) were prepared and given to rats in a concentration 10%w/v for 3 consecutive weeks.Tea and coffee beverages were made as Libyans do. At day 21, rats were injected IP with 1mg/kg of haloperidol, afterward, the behavioral and motor parameters for Parkinson’s disease were tested.Results:Coffee and Tea treated groups showed significant improvement (p > 0.05)inthe behavioral activity, and in muscle coordination. Also there was a decrease in oxidation markers as treatment resulted in an elevation of glutathione reductase and decreasing in Malondialdehyde levels. In addition, the histopathological investigation showed a reduction in haloperidol induced damage in substantia nigra.Conclusion:The results showeda possible neuroprotective effect of Coffee and Tea against PD.The mechanism of protection might be due to an antioxidant activity.

The current research was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory action of 100% Saussurea lappa roots’ ethanol extract compared to paracetamol through carrageenan induced hind paw edema model with using of ibuprofen 40 mg/kg as a positive control. Prior to testing, it was important to check the acute toxicity effects of the plant, thus the evaluation test processed by the fixed-dose procedure (FDP). Statistical analysis was attempted to check the mean differences via one-way ANOVA, at that point followed by post-Tukey and Dunnett two-sided tests. The FDP test revealed that extract was safe for additional in-vivo testing, and it was classified as category 5/unclassified on globally harmonized system (GHS) for the classification of chemicals which cause acute toxicity. The extract showed a significant antiphlogistic potential of 15.11% at 500 mg/kg compared to 13.23% of paracetamol 100 mg/kg at P< 0.01. It is assumed that the fundamentally mindful phytoconstituents to share this impact are sesquiterpene lactones (costunolide and dehydrocostus lactone), in which numerous examinations uncovered that these mixtures which found in numerous plants have a powerful anti-inflammatory activity.

Long time ago, phytotherapy constitutes a major health practice all over the world. Many medicinal plants such as Saussurea lappa (S. lappa) has wide beneficial roles. This study was contrived to explore the antiphlogistic effect of S. lappa roots extract treated by 100% ethanol solvent. Carrageenan induced paw edema model was used to carry out the experiment on laboratory Wistar albino rats. Before testing extract on animals, it was necessary to check the safety of the plant according to performed testing conditions albeit S. lappa is generally recognized as safe plant, hence the acute oral toxicity test by the fixed-dose procedure method (FDP) was performed. Roots’ ethanol extract tested at two doses (100 and 200 mg/kg), ibuprofen used as a positive control, and negative control was distilled water. SPSS statistical analysis was undertaken to check the variance between tested groups via one-way analysis of variance, then pursued by Tukey and Dunnett two-sided tests. FDP experiment disclosed that extract was safe for further in-vivo testing for the dose up to 2000 mg/kg < LD50 < 5000 mg/kg, without reporting of any toxicity signs. The extract manifested a significant (P < 0.05 - 0.01) anti-inflammatory effects at both tested doses. The ethanol extract exposed a clear decrease in edema size by a percentage of 13.73 % at 200 mg/kg dose when compared to that of standard agent which minimized edema by 22.79 %. It is presumed that plant roots contain phytoconstituents that are responsible to share this effect like sesquiterpene lactones (dehydrocostus lactone and cynaropicrin mainly), in which many researches revealed that such compounds which found in many other plants have a potent anti-inflammatory action.

The current study was designed to investigate both central and peripheral analgesic activities of crude extract of roots of Saussurea lappa (S. lappa) plant at 100% ethanol concentration. These activities were processed and evaluated through Eddy’s hot plate and acetic acid induced-writhing methods, respectively, on laboratory Swiss albino mice. Reference positive control used was paracetamol, and negative control was distilled water, and statistical analysis done by SPSS version 25 to test one-way ANOVA for group mean differences, followed by Tukey and Dunnett two-sided post-hoc tests. Before the mentioned assessment, an acute oral toxicity test by a fixed-dose procedure method (FDP) was taken to check the safety of the plant. This plant was safe under experimentation, and it exerted significant (P < 0.01) analgesic effects at a dose of 500mg/kg. The crude extract revealed a noticeable increase of latency time to thermal pain stimuli when compared to paracetamol positive control at 100mg/kg concentration by 36.42%, and it reduced the number of writhing contractions by 21.73% when compared even to the positive control. It is presumed that S. lappa contains particular phytoconstituents that are responsible for presenting these effects. In both applied tests, S. lappa proved that it could be used as a safe, powerful analgesic treatment.

The emergence and evolution of superbugs is among the greatest challenges to public health worldwide

recently. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics considered as one of greatest hits of this century. There are

different antibiotic resistant strains that range for infection from mild to severe cases and tonsillitis

is one among of many bacterial diseases that have high incidence globally. Half of tonsillitis cases are

bacterial and those mainly caused by group-A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) bacteria which

had developed its resistance against commonly used antibiotics, mainly penicillin and macrolids.

Currently, however, there are considerable attempts to tackle the issue despite they are still far away

from promised settlement. Focusing on testing and evaluating of herbal therapies will be of great value

in finding of potent alternative medicine to face resistant bacterial infections and to provide sufficient

therapeutic agent to disband the problem. Hence the necessity to develop novel therapeutics to replace

conventional antibiotics will likely play a key role to fix the issue. This article concentrate on review of

ineffective antibiotic therapy including some of its impacts and describes possibility to use Saussurea

lappa (S. Lappa) plant as an effective herbal plant to treat resistant bacterial acute tonsillitis cases.

Hadoop has been developed as a platform solution for processing a large scale of data in parallel for different applications in Cloud com-puting. A Hadoop system can be characterized based on three main factors: cluster, workload, and user. Each of these factors can be described in heterogeneous environment, which reflects the heterogeneity degree of the Hadoop system. This paper investigates the effect of heterogeneity in each of these factors on the performance of Hadoop for different schedulers. Three schedulers which consider differ-ent levels of Hadoop heterogeneity are used for the analysis: FIFO, Fair sharing, and COSHH (Classification and Optimization based Scheduler for Heterogeneous Hadoop). Performance issues are introduced for Hadoop schedulers and comparative performance analysis between different cases of jobs submission. These jobs are processed in heterogeneous data environments and, under fixed or reconfigu-rable slot between map and reduce tasks for Hadoop MapReduce java programming clustering model. The results showed that when assigning tunable knob between map and reduce tasks under certain scheduler like FIFO algorithm, the performance enhanced about 81.42% especially in cases of heterogeneity environment where the workload is decreased significantly and the utilization of computa-tional resources in increased obviously.

Hadoop is a Java-based programming framework that supports the storing and processing of large data sets in a distributed computing environment and it is very much appropriate for high volume of data. It uses HDFS for data storing and uses MapReduce for processing that data. MapReduce is a popular programming model to support data-intensive applications using shared-nothing clusters. The main objective of MapReduce programming model is to parallelize the job execution across multiple nodes for execution. Nowadays, all focus of the researchers and companies toward to Hadoop. Due to this, many scheduling algorithms have been proposed in the past decades. There are three important scheduling issues in MapReduce such as locality, synchronization and fairness. The most common objective of scheduling algorithms is to minimize the completion time of a parallel application and also achieve to these issues. Performance issues are introduced for Hadoop schedulers, and comparative performance analysis between different cases of jobs submission. These jobs are processed in different homogenous data environment and, under fixed or reconfigurable slot between map and reduce tasks for Hadoop MapReduce java programming clustering model. The results showed that when assigning tunable knob between map and reduce tasks under certain scheduler like FIFO algorithm, the performance enhanced 16.66% in inverted index, 55.55% in word count and 11.76% in classification process.